Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence?

In Chile, studies on protective factors and risk factors for sexual violence are limited and very few have incorporated analysis of different types of capital (social, economic, human) as social resources in the protection against sexual violence. The objective of this research is to evaluate to what extent the stock of different capitals act together, as either protective or risk factors in sexual violence in different interpersonal environments. The sample consisted of 1665 women between 15 and 30 years of age (M = 23.47, SD = 4.41). Artificial neural network analysis and social network analysis were used. The nodes representative of human and economic capital have a protective role of low relevance due to their position in the network, while the nodes of social capital acquire a structural relevance due to the central positions of the network. It is concluded that the structural social capital of neighborhood networks constitutes the main protective factor for sexual violence in all areas, and in turn, the structural social capital of networks with non-significant others was the main risk factor in sexual victimization.

Adolescents Who Are Violent Toward Their Parents: An Approach to the Situation in Chile.

Child-to-parent violence has been defined as any act used by children to gain power and control by generating fear in their parents and that seeks to cause physical, psychological, and/or financial harm to their parents. This behavior puts family safety at risk due to the imbalance of power that it generates. For this reason, most abused parents feel guilty and humiliated. Child-to-parent violence has been historically underresearched compared with other studies about family violence. Most of the research conducted on this topic has been carried out in Europe and North America in the least decades. Nevertheless, in Chile, the research about child-to-parent violence has been really insufficient. This article presents the first analysis conducted in Chile regarding the prevalence of violent adolescent behavior toward parents. A total of 1,861 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 20 (M = 16.1, SD = 1.29) participated in the study (48.1% boys; 51.9% girls). Participants answered an ad hoc questionnaire on child-to-parent violence. Our findings indicate that psychological, economic, and physical aggression against the mother was more frequent than against the father. Daughters are more likely to use psychological aggression toward their fathers and mothers, whereas sons are more likely to use financial and physical aggression. Young people living in single-parent families are more likely to use financial and psychological aggression toward their mother. These findings reveal the impact of gender and family structure on aggression toward parents.

Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration among Male and Female College Students in Chile.

Evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression among college students is primarily based on studies from Western countries. In Chile, a South American country strongly influenced by the Catholic Church, little research on sexual aggression among college students is available. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 14 (the legal age of consent) in a sample of male and female students aged between 18 and 29 years from five Chilean universities (N = 1135), to consider possible gender differences, and to study the extent to which alcohol was involved in the reported incidents of perpetration and victimization. Sexual aggression victimization and perpetration was measured with a Chilean Spanish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S), which includes three coercive strategies (use or threat of physical force, exploitation of an incapacitated state, and verbal pressure), three victim-perpetrator constellations (current or former partners, friends/acquaintances, and strangers), and four sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted sexual intercourse, completed sexual intercourse, and other sexual acts, such as oral sex). Overall, 51.9% of women and 48.0% of men reported at least one incident of sexual victimization, and 26.8% of men and 16.5% of women reported at least one incident of sexual aggression perpetration since the age of 14. For victimization, only few gender differences were found, but significantly more men than women reported sexual aggression perpetration. A large proportion of perpetrators also reported victimization experiences. Regarding victim-perpetrator relationship, sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were more common between persons who knew each other than between strangers. Alcohol use by the perpetrator, victim, or both was involved in many incidents of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration, particularly among strangers. The present data are the first to provide a systematic and detailed picture of sexual aggression among college students in Chile, including victimization and perpetration reports by both men and women and confirming the critical role of alcohol established in past research from Western countries.

El derecho a decir que no: aceptación de las conductas de coerción sexual en jóvenes universitarios / The right to say no: acceptance of sexual coercion behaviors in young students

Este estudio pretende evaluar el grado de aceptación de las conductas de coerción sexual entre estudiantes universitarios. Para este propósito 305 estudiantes de la Universidad de Salamanca, respondieron anónimamente a un cuestionario compuesto por viñetas, que intentaba obtener información sobre el grado de aceptación de diferentes conductas de coerción sexual en función de variables como el grado de cooperación por parte de la víctima, tipo de relación entre víctima y perpetrador y sexo del perpetrador. Los resultados permiten afirmar que las estrategias de coerción sexual más aceptadas son la estimulación física y la coerción verbal cuando la víctima manifiesta algún tipo de cooperación para iniciar el encuentro sexual y además el perpetrador es la pareja. Se discuten la influencia del modelo sexual tradicional y estereotipos de género, en relación a la aceptación de las conductas de coerción sexual por medio de la estimulación física y coerción verbal (AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of acceptance of behaviours of sexual coercion among university students. For this purpose 305 students of the University of Salamanca completed anonymously a questionnaire composed by vignettes designed to obtain information about the degree of acceptance of different behaviours of sexual coercion in accordance to variables such as the degree of cooperation of the victim, type of relation between the victim and the perpetrator and the gender of the perpetrator. The results confirm that the most accepted strategies of sexual coercion are physical stimulus and the verbal coercion when the victim manifests some type of cooperation to initiate the sexual encounter and the perpetrator is the partner. The influences of the sexual scripts and gender stereotypes are discussed